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... Typically, bacteriophages consist of an outer protein capsid enclosing genetic material. The genetic material can be ssRNA, dsRNA, ssDNA, or dsDNA ('ss-' or 'ds-' prefix denotes single-strand or double-strand) along with either circular or linear arrangement. ... ... Phages are estimated to be the most widely distributed and diverse entities in the biosphere. Phages are ubiquitous and can be found in all reservoirs populated by bacterial hosts, such as soil or the intestines of animals. ... Az antibiotikumok felesleges alkalmazása csökkentheti a szervezet védekező képességét, és felelőssé tehető a növekvő antibiotikum rezisztenciáért is. Vírus okozta fertőzés esetén orvosi javaslat nélkül beszedett antibiotikum nemcsak hogy a vírust nem pusztítja el, de kiirtja a szervezetben az antibiotikumra érzékeny, hasznos és kórokozó baktériumokat egyaránt, melyek helyét a gyakran sokkal veszélyesebb, az antibiotikumokkal szemben ellenálló baktériumtörzsek foglalják el. A felesleges antibiotikum fogyasztás elősegítheti a felsőlégúti betegségek, így az influenza szövődményeit is. ...

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Antibiotic resistance is a type of drug resistance where a microorganism is able to survive exposure to an antibiotic. Genes can be transferred between bacteria in a horizontal fashion by conjugation, transduction, or transformation. Thus a gene for antibiotic resistance which had evolved via natural selection may be shared. Evolutionary stress such as exposure to antibiotics then selects for the antibiotic resistant trait. Many antibiotic resistance genes reside on plasmids, facilitating their transfer. If a bacterium carries several resistance genes, it is called multiresistant or, informally, a superbug or super bacterium

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strains of food-borne pathogenic Listeria monocytogenes bacteria. Listeriosis is a serious disease with a high rate of mortality in susceptible individuals. It is almost exclusively contracted by consuming contaminated food. Since the L. monocytogenes bacteria are omnipresent in nature, even the most thorough hygiene concepts fail to guarantee that food products are free of listeria. Bacteriophages are among the best studied organisms in the natural world. This is because their molecular biology is relatively simple. Many molecular principles were first studied in bacteriophages prior to being found in higher organisms. Bacteriophages are ubiquitous. High numbers can be found in seawater and also in fermented foods such as yogurt or cheese. Bacteriophages are extremely specific in the bacteria they recognize. The recognition is often limited to specific strains of one species, in rare cases several strains of the same species or genus are recognized. With this fact in mind their potential in fighting unwanted bacteria has recently received increased attention.